In Europe, the Group’s petrol and diesel-powered passenger cars comply with Euro 5 standards for new models introduced after September 2009, and at least with Euro 4 standards, in the case of other models. In 2011, all of the vehicles sold by the Group will comply with Euro 5 standards.

The following stage, Euro 6, will come into effect on 1 September 2014 for new models and in September 2015 for all new car registrations.

These standards set maximum admissible levels of CO, HC, NO X and particulate matter emissions. Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards reduce the maximum admissible levels of particulate matter and NO X emissions of diesel-powered vehicles to very low levels.

In the rest of the world, vehicles sold by PSA Peugeot Citroën meet or exceed the applicable standards in each local market and are equipped with the new technologies developed for the European market.

* Applies only to vehicles with lean-burn, direct-injection petrol engines since Euro 5.

** In 2013, a change in the measurement procedure will reduce the maximum admissible level to 0.0045 from 0.005 (equivalent theoretical value). Euro 6 will also introduce particle number emission limits.

HC: Unburned hydrocarbons. CO: Carbon monoxide. NO X : Nitrogen oxides.

To reduce petrol-engine emissions at source, PSA Peugeot Citroën has introduced such technological advances as:

• Direct-injection systems.

• The variable valve time (VVT) engine timing system on the inlet and exhaust camshafts.

Advances in after-treatment technologies have primarily concerned improving the efficiency of three-way catalytic converters by positioning them as close to the engine as possible, generally in the engine well, and by using a high cell density honeycomb substrate to heat the converter more quickly.

In addition, ignition and injection management has been optimised to reduce emissions at source and maximise the efficiency of aftertreatment systems.

Technological advances introduced by the Group to reduce diesel emissions at source include:

• Higher common-rail injection pressures, with a focus on reducing compression ratios.

• Improved combustion chamber aerodynamics and heat performance with the Extreme Conventional Combustion System (ECCS).

• Introduction of a variable percentage exhaust gas recirculation (ERG) system, for better control of NO X emissions.

In addition, exhaust after-treatment is being taken to the next level by extending the particulate filter to all of the Peugeot and Citroën ranges.

The FAP particulate filter is an after-treatment system that eliminates close to 100% of even the smallest particulate matter in exhaust gases. It has further enhanced the environmental performance of diesel engines and is playing an important role in improving the quality of air in urban environments. Launched by PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2000, the FAP particulate filter has set the new standard for European diesels. Peugeot and Citroën models equipped with the FAP particulate filter already more than meet Euro 5 and Euro 6 particulate emissions standards.

A pioneer in this field, PSA Peugeot Citroën had sold a total of 3.5 million FAP-equipped diesel vehicles by the end of 2009 (of which 3.3 million even before Euro 5 standards made filters mandatory in September 2009). The FAP is now available on every model in the Peugeot and Citroën line-up except for the Peugeot 107 and the Citroën C1. In 2009, more than 37% of the diesels sold worldwide by PSA Peugeot Citroën were equipped with a particulate filter.

The third generation of the FAP filter introduced to comply with Euro 5 standards is service-free.

The additive technology chosen by PSA Peugeot Citroën results in significantly lower NO 2 tailpipe emissions (which can irritate the respiratory tract) than catalytic converter technology. This environmental benefit has been recognised by the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (AFSSET).

To build the future, PSA Peugeot Citroën has developed an aftertreatment technology that substantially reduces nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, bringing them into compliance with the strictest standards while contributing to the overall advancement of diesel technology.

This new technology, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), abates NOX emissions by injecting urea into the exhaust stream before it enters a special catalyst chamber. A new emissions control architecture, including a particulate filter and SCR, has been designed to optimise fuel efficiency and limits CO 2 emissions. Group programmes are underway to optimise the system in every real-life situation, ensure its durability, verify its compliance with standards and alignment with customer expectations and resolve any process engineering issues.